What are the challenges or key considerations when using organoid model systems?

One of the major challenges in organoid culture is the current reliance on animal-derived extracellular matrices (ECMs), such as Matrigel®. Synthetic matrices, including hybrid polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels or engineered collagen scaffolds combined with defined laminins, may better support the organoid microenvironment and can be customized for specific tissues or applications._x000D_ _x000D_ Although organoids can closely recapitulate the structure and function of their tissue of origin, most organoid systems lack additional cell types present in vivo, such as endothelial cells, immune cells, and stromal cells. This limitation can affect their ability to fully model physiological complexity in vitro. Emerging organ-on-a-chip technologies may help address this issue, as they enable the integration of multiple cell types to better mimic certain aspects of human physiology.